<p>	<strong>Plasticity</strong> is the ability of the material to get deformed without rupture during the application of force, which exceeds the yield value of the material. The change produced in the metal, either axially or angularly, without any fracture after removal of the external load is called <strong>Slip / Shear Deformation</strong>. The tools that assist in reaching the desired deformation are the <a href="https://samsindusneeds.com/shop?limit=12&amp;category=cutting-tool" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Cutting Tools</a> or Cutters, in Machining terms.</p><p>
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</p><p>A good cutting tool should carry certain characteristics:</p><p class="ql-align-justify">-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Hardness, temperature resistance and pressure resistance,</p><p class="ql-align-justify">-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Bending strength and toughness,</p><p class="ql-align-justify">-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Inner bonding strength,</p><p class="ql-align-justify">-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Wear resistance,</p><p class="ql-align-justify">-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Oxidation resistance,</p><p class="ql-align-justify">-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Small propensity to diffusion and adhesion,</p><p class="ql-align-justify">-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Abrasion resistance, and</p><p class="ql-align-justify">-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Edge strength.</p><p class="ql-align-justify">Depending upon the usage of the cutting tool, different types are used in different machines. Cutting tools can be divided into seven (7) different types, based upon different parameters:</p><p class="ql-align-justify">-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Shape of the tool,</p><p class="ql-align-justify">-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Type of cutting, </p><p class="ql-align-justify">-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Type of operation,</p><p class="ql-align-justify">Material of the tool,</p><p>
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</p><p class="ql-align-justify">-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Number of tools used in one (1) tool,</p><p class="ql-align-justify">-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Direction of movement of the tool, and</p><p class="ql-align-justify">-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Motion of the tool.</p><p class="ql-align-justify"><br></p><p class="ql-align-justify"><strong>SHAPE OF THE TOOL</strong></p><p class="ql-align-justify">A Cutting tool can be</p><p class="ql-align-justify">-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Solid: Used in turning jobs at lathe.</p><p class="ql-align-justify">-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Tool Bit: Used for shaping, planning, etc. and have a single point edge.</p><p class="ql-align-justify">-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Tipped: Made of different materials, one for the body and the other for the cutting portion of the tool,</p><p class="ql-align-justify">-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Pointed: Tip is very fine with edges ending in a single line. These are costlier also.</p><p class="ql-align-justify">-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Grain Size: The bigger and a greater number of grains on the tool will remove more grains compared to the smaller and a smaller number of grains.</p><p class="ql-align-justify"><br></p><p class="ql-align-justify"><strong>TYPE OF CUTTING</strong></p><p class="ql-align-justify">	Depending upon the type of cutting, the tool can be classified as:</p><p class="ql-align-justify">-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Orthogonal: Cutting edge is perpendicular (90 degree) to the direction of motion of the tool,</p><p class="ql-align-justify">-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Oblique: The angle between the cutting edge and the motion of the tool will not be 90 degrees (Perpendicular).</p><p><br></p><p><strong>MATERIAL OF THE TOOL</strong></p><p class="ql-align-justify">	Depending on the type of work, the cutting tool used is made of one of the following:</p><p>-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;High Carbon Steel (CS): Any steel with Carbon content between 0.05 – 2.1 percent by weight or that which is not Stainless Steel.</p><p>High Speed Steel (HSS): Addition of alloys like tungsten and molybdenum to carbon steel gives a harder and tougher material.</p><p>Cast Non-ferrous Steel Cobalt: Contains 43-48% Cobalt allowing the tool to retain hardness up to 900-degree temperature and cuts material at double the speed.</p><p class="ql-align-justify">-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Ceramic: High resistance to heat and wear allows the tool to cut extremely hard material. They are chemically stable too.</p><p class="ql-align-justify">-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Cemented Carbide: Fine particles of carbide are bonded into a composite by a binder metal.</p><p class="ql-align-justify">-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Diamond: Diamond grains are fixed to the cutting tool for additional strength in terms of cutting.</p><p class="ql-align-justify">-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Abrasives: Material is cut by rubbing a hard material over the work-piece.</p><p class="ql-align-justify">&nbsp;
</p><p><strong>TYPE OF OPERATION</strong>
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    <img src="https://samsindusneeds.com/public/blog_image/blg-4-4.png">
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</p><p>Depending on the need of the job, cutting tool can be classified as:</p><p>-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Turning: Used in Lathe machines,</p><p class="ql-align-justify">-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Drilling: Used for drilling operation in Drilling or Lathe machine,</p><p class="ql-align-justify">-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Parting-Off: Cut the job after operation is finished in a lathe machine,</p><p class="ql-align-justify">-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Milling: Cut Slots and gears, and</p><p class="ql-align-justify">-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Threading: Cutting thread in a lathe machine.</p><p><br></p><p class="ql-align-justify"><strong>NUMBER OF TOOLS IN THE CUTTING TOOL</strong></p><p class="ql-align-justify">Depending upon the number of cutting edges in the tool, it can be classified as:</p><p class="ql-align-justify">-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Single Edge: Used in the lathe in tuning operations. Tool is held in a stationary position via a Tool Post that directs the tool to cut the material as per the required shape and size. The cutting and shearing are done using the other end of the tool.</p><p class="ql-align-justify">-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Double point: There are two points or edges used for cutting the material, like in a <a href="https://samsindusneeds.com/shop?limit=12&amp;category=cutting-tool&amp;sub_category=drill-bit" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Twist Drill</a>.</p><p class="ql-align-justify">-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Multi-point: There are multiple points or edges.</p><p>
</p><p><strong>DIRECTION OF TOOL MOVEMENT</strong></p><p><br></p><p>    <img src="https://samsindusneeds.com/public/blog_image/blg-4-5.png">
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</p><p class="ql-align-justify"><span class="ql-cursor">﻿﻿</span>Depending upon the direction in which the tool cuts the material, we can classify the tool into:</p><p class="ql-align-justify">-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Right Hand: Tool movement is from right side to left side.</p><p class="ql-align-justify">-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Left Hand: Used for left-hand thread cutting or turning operation leaving a shoulder on the right-hand end of the work-piece. </p><p class="ql-align-justify"><br></p><p class="ql-align-justify"><strong>MOTION OF THE TOOL</strong></p><p class="ql-align-justify">According to the motion of the tool, the cutting tool can be divided into:</p><p class="ql-align-justify">-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Translatory as in Lathe cutting tools,</p><p class="ql-align-justify">-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Intermittent translatory Motion as in planning tools,</p><p class="ql-align-justify">-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Reciprocating Motion in the Shaping tool,</p><p class="ql-align-justify">-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Rotary Motion in milling tool, and</p><p class="ql-align-justify">-&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Rotary and Vertical Translatory Motion in drilling tools.</p><p class="ql-align-justify">&nbsp;</p><p class="ql-align-justify">Composed By: N. P. Bilash</p><p class="ql-align-justify">Dated:12<sup>th</sup> March 2022</p><p class="ql-align-justify">&nbsp;</p><p class="ql-align-justify">Information Credits: Internet</p><p><br></p>